REFERENCES CITED

 Where possible, in the description for each lot we supply one or more numbers in reference to acknowledged publications in the field. References used in this catalog include the following:

CT = Calicó’s Numismática española (2008), formerly by Calicó and Trigo (nine previous editions).

  KM = Krause-Mishler’s Standard Catalog of World Coins, various editions, including Spain, Portugal and  the New World.

R = Restrepo’s Monedas de Colombia, 1619-2006, second edition (2006).

S = Sedwick’s The Practical Book of Cobs, fourth edition (2007).

S = Spink’s (formerly Seaby’s) Coins of England and the United Kingdom, forty-first edition (2006).

Sed= Sedwick's The Gold Coinage of Gran Colombia (1991).

Other references mentioned include: Betts’ American Colonial History Illustrated by Contemporary Medals (1894); Calbetó’s Compendium VIII Reales (1970); Estrella’s Monedas dominicanas (1979); Gilboy’s The Columnarios of Central and South America (1999); Grove’s Medals of Mexico, Volumes 1 and 2 (1970, 1972); Janson’s La Moneda Circulante En El Territorio Argentino (2^nd ed, 2006); Lázaro’s Los Redondos de Lima, Mejico y Potosí y otras acuñaciones especiales (1996); Pradeau’s Numismatic History of Mexico (1938); Proctor’s The Forgotten Mint of Colonial Panama (2005); and Sellschopp’s Las acuñaciones de las cecas de Lima, La Plata y Potosí (1971).  

COIN GRADING and DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

 From best to worst, UNC is Uncirculated, AU is Almost Uncirculated, XF is Extra Fine, VF is Very Fine, F is Fine, VG is Very Good, and G is Good, with Fair and Poor below that.  (“About” or “A” means the coin is just shy of the indicated grade.  Mint State refers to lustrous, choice UNC coins.) We do not always assign numismatic grades to sea-salvage and land-burial coins, which were usually Uncirculated (or close to it) before the effects of corrosion and/or cleaning. Corrosion is usually assessed, from least to most, as follows: none, minimal, light, moderate, and heavy. Also note that we sometimes use the abbreviations E for escudos and R for reales in the listings for Spanish and Spanish colonial items.

 BOOK GRADING and TERMS

 We use several standard terms in our book descriptions, as follows:

HB or HC = Hardbound (hard cover)

SC = Soft cover

DJ = Dust jacket

ed = Edition (or editor)

pp = Pages

ex-lib = Ex-library (with stampings and/or card-holders pasted in)

Our book grading is very similar to the coin grades above, with top condition indicated as Mint or Near Mint, then Very Fine (VF) for not new but unread (or very slightly read) condition, then Fine (F) for slightly used, Very Good (VG) for moderately used, and Good (G) for well-used condition (with Fair and Poor below that). Any significant damage is separately noted, as opposed to including it in the grade.

A NOTE ABOUT PHOTOS

 Coin photos in this catalog are generally shown at actual size, with the exception of large lots, which are often reduced, as are most medals, paper money, artifacts, documents, artwork and media. Photos of coins in the most recent NGC capsules have four white intrusions into the rims of the coins due to a special design meant to enable viewing of the edges of those coins.